Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a unique platform for a variety of biotechnological processes. Their compact design allows for {highthroughput and ideal process parameters. The structure of the hollow fibers facilitates movement between the internal environment and the external fluid, enabling optimized biomass production. Some commo

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its ability to achieve high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs integrate a biological reactor with a membrane separation unit, effectively combining the advantages of conventional activated sludge systems w